Advanced concepts

Bitwise operations

hex = 0x12400;
bin = 0b10011010;
b_or = hex | bin ^ hex & bin;

• There are constant formats and bitwise operations for dealing with integers on the bit level.
• The following integer constant formats are available:
  • Binary (base 2): begins with "0b", followed by some binary digits (0,1)
  • Octal (base 8): begins with "0o", followed by some octal digits (0-7)
  • Decimal (base 10): contains only decimal digits (0-9)
  • Hexadecimal (base 16): begins with "0x", followed by some hexadecimal digits (0-9,a-f,A-F)
• These operators are available for doing bitwise operations:
  • binary AND / AND-assign: &, &= - returns 1 if both sides are 1
  • binary OR / OR-assign: |, |= - returns 1 if any side is 1
  • binary XOR / XOR-assign: ^, ^= - returns 1 if either side is 1, but not both
  • unary NOT: ~ - inverts bits
  • left shift / left shift-assign: <<, <<= - move all bits to the left (more significant positions)
  • right shift / right shift-assign: >>, >>= - move all bits to the right (less significant positions)

The main difference from other languages is that the integer type by default is 64 bits long. Left/right shift rules are equal to those of the C language. Thus, it is safe to use only shift distances between 0 and 63.

Truth tables for AND/OR/XOR operations